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TMM History

Posted on September 6, 2012 at 7:40 AM


A Brief History of TMM (Theory of Machines and Mechanisms)

 
-Antikythera

Antikitera mechanism 100 bc astronomic calulator by rustybek.MAQUINA DE ANTIKITERA by terroronlines.
 







---The Father of mechanisms, Archimedes of Syracuse (287B.Ch.-212B.Ch.) was a Greek mathematician, physicist, mechanical engineer, inventor, and astronomer. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity. Among his advances in physics are the foundations of hydrostatics, statics and the explanation of the principle of the lever. He is credited with designing innovative machines, including siege engines and the screw pump that bears his name. Modern experiments have tested claims that Archimedes designed machines and mechanisms capable of lifting attacking ships out of the water and setting ships on fire using an array of mirrors. His pet symbol was the C3 couple sphere in cylinder and his pet mechanism was the Archimedes' screw, Archimedean screw, or screwpump which is a machine historically used for transferring water from a low-lying body of water into irrigation ditches.

Image:Archimedes-screw one-screw-threads with-ball 3D-view animated small.gif
the Archimedes' screw (or the screw without end)
Image:Archimedes sphere and cylinder.svg
The C3 Couple: A Sphere in Cylinder (Not a C2-Is a without slide couple).
The sphere has 2/3 the volume and surface area of the circumscribing cylinder.
A sphere and cylinder were placed on the tomb of Archimedes at his request.

This couple was his pet symbol!

-Ctesibius or Ktesibios or Tesibius (285-222 B.Ch.) was a Greek[1] or Egyptian[2] inventor, mechanical engineer, and mathematician in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt. He wrote the first treatises on the science of compressed air and its uses in pumps (and even a cannon). This, in combination with his work on the elasticity of air On pneumatics, earned him the title of "father of pneumatics." None of his written work has survived, including his Memorabilia, a compilation of his research that was cited by Athenaeus, but it has influenced the activity of Marcus Pollio Vitruvius.

-Philo of Byzantium (280B.Ch.-220B.Ch.), also known as Philo Mechanicus, a Greek writer on mechanics and mechanisms, flourished during the latter half of the 2nd century B.C. He was probably younger than Ctesibius, though some place him a century earlier.

-Marcus Pollio Vitruvius (80B.CH.-20B.Ch.) was a Roman architect and mechanical engineer.

-Heron_of_Alexandria, (10-70) was an ancient Greek mathematician and mechanical engineer who was active in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt. He is considered the greatest experimenter of antiquity[1] and his work is representative of the Hellenistic scientific tradition.[2]

Among his most famous inventions were the first documented steam-powered device, the aeolipile, and a windwheel, constituting one of the earliest instances of wind harnessing.[3][4] He is said to have been a follower of the Atomists. Some of his ideas were derived from the works of Ctesibius.

Image:Heron's Windwheel.jpgImage:Heron3.jpg

Hero's wind-powered organ                                                                                                                                                                                Heron's syringe

Image:Heron2.jpgImage:Aeolipile illustration.JPG

Hero's fire-engine                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Heron's Aeolipile

 

-Zhang Heng (Chang Heng),  (78-139) was an astronomer, mathematician, inventor, geographer, cartographer, artist, poet, statesman, and literary scholar from Nanyang, Henan, and lived during the Eastern Han Dynasty (CE 25:/114undefined115undefined116undefined117undefined118undefined119undefined120undefined121undefined122undefined123undefined124undefined125undefined126undefined127undefined128undefined129undefined130undefined131undefined132undefined133undefined134undefined135undefined136undefined137undefined138undefined139undefined140undefined141undefined142undefined143undefined144undefined145undefined146undefined147undefined148undefined149undefined150undefined151undefined152undefined153undefined154undefined155undefined156undefined157undefined158undefined159undefined160undefined161undefined162undefined163undefined164undefined165undefined166undefined167undefined168undefined169undefined170undefined171undefined172undefined173undefined174undefined175undefined176undefined177undefined178undefined179undefined180undefined181undefined182undefined183undefined184undefined185undefined186undefined187undefined188undefined189undefined190undefined191undefined192undefined193undefined194undefined195undefined196undefined197undefined198undefined199undefined200undefined201undefined202undefined203undefined204undefined205undefined206undefined207undefined208undefined209undefined210undefined211undefined212:/213undefined214undefined215:/216undefined217undefined218undefined219undefined220undefined221undefined222undefined223undefined224undefined225undefined226undefined227undefined228undefined229undefined230undefined231undefined232undefined233undefined234undefined235undefined236undefined237undefined238undefined239undefined240undefined241undefined242undefined243undefined244undefined245undefined246undefined247undefined248undefined249undefined250undefined251undefined252undefined253undefined254undefined255undefined256undefined257undefined258undefined259undefined260undefined261undefined262undefined 20 March 1726])[1] was an English physicist, the greatest mechanical engineer, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist and theologian. His , published in 1687, is considered to be the most influential book in the , published in 1687, is considered to be the most influential book in the history of science. In this work, Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, laying the groundwork for classical mechanics, which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries and is the basis for modern engineering. Newton showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation, thus removing the last doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the scientific revolution.

 

In mechanics, Newton enunciated the principles of conservation of momentum and angular momentum. In optics, he invented the reflecting telescope and developed a theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes whitelight into a visible spectrum. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling and studied the speed of sound.

The famous three laws of motion:

Newton's First Law (also known as the Law of Inertia) states that an object at rest tends to stay at rest and that an object in uniform motion tends to stay in uniform motion unless acted upon by a net external force.

Newton's Second Law states that an applied force, scriptstyle{vec{F}}, on an object equals the rate of change of its momentum, scriptstyle{vec{p}}, with time. Mathematically, this is expressed as

 vec F = frac{dvec p}{dt} , = , frac{d}{dt} (m vec v) , = , vec v , frac{dm}{dt} + m , frac{dvec v}{dt} ,.

Because this relation only holds when the mass is constant, that is, when scriptstyle{dm/dt=0}, the first term vanishes, and the equation can be written in the iconic form

  •  vec F = m , vec a ,,                              where                             vec{a} = frac{dvec{v}}{dt},.

This equation states that a force scriptstyle{vec{F}} applied to an object of mass m causes it to accelerate at a rate scriptstyle{vec{a}}.

This equality requires a consistent set of units for measuring mass, length, and time. One such set is the SI system, where mass is in kilograms, length in metres, and time in seconds. This leads to force being in newtons, named in his honour, and acceleration in metres per second per second. The English analogous system is slugs, feet, and seconds.

Newton's Third Law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. This means that any force exerted onto an object has a counterpart force that is exerted in the opposite direction back onto the first object. The most common example is of two ice skaters pushing against each other and sliding apart in opposite directions. Another example is the recoil of a firearm, in which the force propelling the bullet is exerted equally back onto the gun and is felt by the shooter. Since the objects in question do not necessarily have the same mass, the resulting acceleration of the two objects can be different (as in the case of firearm recoil).

A popular story claims that Newton was inspired to formulate his theory of universal gravitation by the fall of an apple from a tree. Cartoons have gone further to suggest the apple actually hit Newton's head, and that its impact somehow made him aware of the force of gravity. John Conduitt, Newton's assistant at the Royal Mint and husband of Newton's niece, described the event when he wrote about Newton's life:

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The question was not whether gravity existed, but whether it extended so far from Earth that it could also be the force holding the moon to its orbit. Newton showed that if the force decreased as the inverse square of the distance, one could indeed calculate the Moon's orbital period, and get good agreement. He guessed the same force was responsible for other orbital motions, and hence named it "universal gravitation".

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/NewtonsTelescopeReplica.jpg

A replica of Newton's 6-inch (150 mm) reflecting telescope of 1672 for the Royal Society

-Christopher Polhem (1661-1751) was a Sweden who created a mechanical alphabet of models for machines.

-In 1680 Christian Huygens designs the first engine with internal combustion.

-In 1769 Nicolas Joseph CUGNOT, presents his steam-driven vehicle.

This was the first steam-engine (use on vehicles).

1769 Cugnot   [Credits : Kit Foster]

-James Watt (1736-1819) was a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer. His steam engine was the base in both Britain and the world industrial Revolution.

Image:SteamEngine Boulton&Watt 1784.jpg
Steam engine designed by Boulton & Watt. Drawing from 1784.

-George Stephenson (1781-1848) was an English civil engineer and mechanical engineer who built the first public railway line in the world to use steam locomotives and is known as the "Father of Railways".

 


-Fusée engines made the smaller spring-driven clock practicable, making the ‘fusée’ that, with its tapered shape, compensated for the progressive weakening of a coiled spring as it unwound. This helped ensure that the clock kept time.
By 1775, with industry expanding, engineers were beginning to respond to the call for large, accurate machine tools: Britain stood on the brink of an engineering revolution.

Making the Modern World

Small clockmaker’s fusée engine, c.1800. In front is a large example of a fusée, as used in spring-driven clocks.

-Richard Roberts (22 April 1789 - 11 March 1864) was a British engineer whose development of high-precision machine tools contributed to the birth of production engineering and mass production.

-The Reverend Dr Robert Stirling (October 25, 1790 undefined346undefined347undefined348undefined349undefined350undefined351undefined352undefined353undefined354undefined355undefined356undefined357undefined358undefined359undefined360undefined361undefined362undefined363undefined December 24, 1872) was a Scottish engineer and physicist. He was a founding contributor, with Rudolf Clausius and William Thomson (1st Baron Kelvin), to the science of thermodynamics. Rankine developed a complete theory of the steam engine and indeed of all heat engines. His manuals of engineering science and practice were used for many decades after their publication in the 1850s and 1860s.

-Pafnuti Livovici Cebasev (1821-1894) was a Russian scientist known by his structural form in mechanisms.

-1824 - English engineer, Samuel Brown adapted an old Newcomen steam engine to burn gas, and he used it to briefly power a vehicle up Shooter's Hill in London. 

-Franz Reuleaux (1829-1905) of Berlin created the world's largest collection of kinematics models at the Technical University of Berlin with over 800 models. Most of this collection was destroyed in the Second World War. However, Reuleaux authorized the reproduction of approximately 360 mechanisms by the model maker Voigt. Another model maker, Schroeder of Darmstadt, also created kinematics models based on the books of Reuleaux and Redtenbacher. Some of the models of Schroeder and Voigt are in collections in Europe, North America, and Japan.

 

-Francesco Masi (1852-1944) addressed his attention to TMM, but also to the fields of Hydraulics, Technical Drawing, Mechanics of Agricultural Machines, and teaching activity in technical Colleges and at Bologna University, where he publish "Cinematica Applicata"  and "Teoria dei Meccanismi". -Sir Charles Algernon Parsons, (13 June 1854 undefined380undefined381undefined382undefined383undefined384undefined385undefined386undefined387undefined388undefined389undefinedtienne Lenoir invented and patented (1860) a double-acting, electric spark-ignition internal combustion engine fueled by coal gas. In 1863, Lenoir attached an improved engine (using petroleum and a primitive carburetor) to a three-wheeled wagon that managed to complete an historic fifty-mile road trip.
-Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel (March 18, 1858 undefined393undefined394undefined395undefined396undefined397undefined398undefined399undefined400undefined401undefined402undefined403undefined404undefined405undefined406undefined407undefined408undefined409undefined410undefined411undefined412undefined413undefined414undefined415undefined416undefined417undefined418undefined419undefined420undefined421undefined422undefined423undefined424undefined425undefined426undefined427undefined428undefined429undefined430undefined431undefined432undefined433undefined434undefined435undefined436undefined437undefined438undefined439undefined440undefined441undefined442undefined443undefined444undefined445undefined446undefined447undefined448undefined449undefined450undefined January 30, 1951) was an Austrian automotive engineer. He is best known for his contributions to advanced German tank designs: Tiger I, Tiger II and the Elefant.
-1876
- Nikolaus August Otto invented and later patented a successful four-stroke engine, known as the "Otto cycle".

1866/1867Versuchsmotor von 1876

 

 

 

 

 

-1876 - The first successful two-stroke engine was invented by Sir Dougald Clerk.

-Andre-Gustave Citroen (5 February 1878-3 July 1935) was a French entrepreneur of Dutch and Polish descent. He is remembered chiefly for the make of car named after him, but also for his application of double helical gears.

-George (or Gogu) Constantinescu (1881 - 1965) was a Romanian scientist, engineer and inventor. During his career, he registered over 130 inventions. He is the creator of the Theory of Sonics, a new branch of continuum mechanics, in which he described the transmission of mechanical energy through vibrations.

Born in Craiova and settled in the United Kingdom from 1912, Constantinescu was an honorary member of the Romanian Academy.

Among his inventions are a mechanical torque converter, a sonic engine and a hydraulic machine-gun synchronizer (or interrupter gear) - which allowed airplane-mounted-guns to shoot between the spinning blades of the propeller). The Constantinesco synchronization gear (or "CC" gear) was first used operationally on the D.H.4s of No. 55 squadron R.F.C. from March 1917, during World War I, and rapidly became standard equipment, replacing a variety of mechanical gears. It continued to be used by the Royal Air Force until World War II - the Gloster Gladiator being the last British fighter to be equipped with "CC" gear.

He was the designer of the Constantinesco, a French-manufactured car, and of the Constanţa Mosque (a project completed by the architect Victor Ştefănescu).

-1883-French engineer, Edouard Delamare-Debouteville, built a single-cylinder four-stroke engine that ran on stove gas. It is not certain if he did indeed build a car, however, Delamare-Debouteville's designs were very advanced for the time - ahead of both Daimler and Benz in some ways at least on paper.

-1885 - Gottlieb Daimler invented what is often recognized as the prototype of the modern gas engine - with a vertical cylinder, and with gasoline injected through a carburetor (patented in 1887). Daimler first built a two-wheeled vehicle the "Reitwagen" (Riding Carriage) with this engine and a year later built the world's first four-wheeled motor vehicle.


Daimler and Maybach in their first automobile.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/ZweiRadMuseumNSU_Reitwagen.JPG
The first motorcycle (1885)

The first Daimler  (without BENZ) motor carriage and transporter by eagle1effi.

The first Daimler (without BENZ) motor carriage and transporter - 1899

-1886 - On January 29, Karl Benz received the first patent (DRP No. 37435) for a gas-fueled car.


In 1885 Karl Benz designed and built the first vehicle intended from the ground up to be powered by an internal combustion gasoline engine.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Benz_Patent_Motorwagen_1886_%28Replica%29.jpg
    An 1886 Benz Motorwagen.
 
 
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Benz_Patent_Motorwagen_Engine.jpg
Engine of the Benz Patent Motorwagen

Public transport solved

Catch the bus
The first bus. On 13 November 1894, it was agreed that poor transport connections between Siegen, Netphen and Deuz could be improved by a motorised bus service. The original bus service was operational on 18 March 1895, using one of the first bus models produced by Karl Benz. A ticket for the complete journey cost 70 pfennigs.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Benz_Velo_1894.jpg
Karl Benz introduced the Velo in 1894, becoming the first production automobile

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Blitzen_Benz_racing_car.jpg
The first speedercar. 1909 Blitzen Benz - built by Benz & Cie., which held the land speed record for ten years

-Henri Marie Coandă (June 7, 1886 undefined511undefined512undefined513undefined514undefined515undefined516undefined517undefined518undefined519undefined520undefined521undefined522undefined523undefined524undefined 26 October 1972)[1] was born Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky (Russian: Игорь Иванович Сикорский). Sikorsky was a Russian-American pioneer of aviation who designed and flew the world's first multi-engine fixed-wing aircraft, developed the first of Pan American Airways' ocean-conquering flying boats in the 1930s, and developed the first successful American helicopter.

 

-1890 - Wilhelm Maybach built the first four-cylinder, four-stroke engine.

-Felix Heinrich Wankel, Hon. DEng (August 13, 1902 undefined534undefined535undefined536undefined537undefined538undefined539undefined540undefined541undefined542undefined543undefined544undefined545undefined546undefined547undefined548undefined549undefined550undefined551undefined552undefined553undefined554undefined555undefined556undefined557undefined558undefined559undefined560�/www.freewebs.com/iondynamics/ActIFToMM.jpg" alt="" />

 

 

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